6 Mayıs 2015 Çarşamba

MOVIE SUGGESTIONS

Related to the Learning Disabilities,

    Related to the Autisim;
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    AUTISM SPECTRUM

        Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by;

    •  Impaired social intteraction,
    •  Verbal and non-verbal communication,
    •  Restricted and repetitive behavior.
    •  It is usually signed in the first two years of childhood.
      Symptoms:

    •  Social interactions and relationship.
      • Significant problems developing nonverbal communication skills, such as eye-to-eye gazing, facial expressions, and body posture.
      • Failure to establish friendships with children the same age.
      • Lack of interest in sharing enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people.
      • Lack of empathy. People with autism may have difficulty understanding another person's feelings, such as pain or sorrow
    •  Verbal and nonverbal communication.
      •  Delay in, or lack of, learning to talk. As many as 40% of people with autism never speak.

      • Problems taking steps to start a conversation. Also, people with autism have difficulties continuing a conversation after it has begun.
      • Stereotyped and repetitive use of language. People with autism often repeat over and over a phrase they have heard previously (echolalia).
      • Difficulty understanding their listener's perspective. For example, a person with autism may not understand that someone is using humor. They may interpret the communication word for word and fail to catch the implied meaning.
    •  Limited interests in activities or play. 
      • An unusual focus on pieces. Younger children with autism often focus on parts of toys, such as the wheels on a car, rather than playing with the entire toy.
      •  Preoccupation with certain topics. For example, older children and adults may be fascinated by video games, trading cards, or license plates.
      •  A need for sameness and routines. For example, a child with autism may always need to eat bread before salad and insist on driving the same route every day to school.
      •  Stereotyped behaviors. These may include body rocking and hand flapping.
      Characteristics:
    •   Social behavior/ severe affect isolation.
      •   Ignoring or avoiding others
      •   Lack of attachment behavior
      •   When held, remain stiff, rigid or “go limb”
      •   Does not seek attention
      •   Avoid interactions with others
      •   Their play behavior is inappropriate-self-stimulatory, ritualized
      •   Relate to people as “objects” 
    •  Abnormalities in Response to the Physical Environment
      •  Apparent sensory deficit. Varying reactions to sounds
      •  May cover their ears
      •  May be oversensitive to tickling and under sensitive to pain
      •  Over selectivity interferes learning (/p/ and /b/)
    •   Ritualistic Behaviors and the Insistence on Sameness
      •  Play limited and rigid, rituals
      •  May repeatedly line up pieces, parts of a game, blocks
      •  Organize those pieces into rows of similar shape or color
      •  Attached a particular object-obsession
      •  Unusual preoccupation with numbers, colors, geometric shapes, ort bus routes
      •  Marked resistance to change in their environment
    •   Self-stimulatory behavior
      •  Self-mutilation. Repetitive stereotyped activities (e.g., rocking, flapping their hands); staring at lights; spinning objects
      •  Toe walking, waving objects in front of the eyes)
      •  May repeat the same sounds, words in rapid succession
      •  If allowed they may spend all day with those behaviors
      •  They are unresponsive when they are engaged in such behaviors
    •   Self-injurious behavior
      •  Tantrums and self-mutilatory behaviors.
      •  Hair pulling, face scratching, slapping
      •  Behavioral analysis is important
    •   Speech and Language
      •  Echolalia and psychotic speech. Most are mute; do not speak; echoes of other people’s utterances, immediate or delayed echolalia
      •  Echolalia
        •  Immediate (occurs in unfamiliar settings, unfamiliar tasks)
          •  Who is the president?
          •  What is your name?
        •  Delayed (occur with fearful stimuli, punishing situation)
          •   Kanner -- “Don’t throw the dog off the balcony”
          •   Communicative intent (do you want a cookie?)
      •  Use of pronoun
    •  Intellectual functioning
      •   Data suggesting true intellectual impairment
      •   However, not all autistic children are impaired on the nonverbal tasks (not a general deficiency)
      •   Tendency to score more poorly on abstract conceptual skills
      •   Score more highly on visual-spatial skills, mechanical skills (not the case in MR)
    •  Inappropriate affect
      •  Display inappropriate emotions
      •  Inappropriate fear responses
      •  Afraid of common items
      •  No fear
       Causes: There is not an exact cause of autism which is known but;

    •   Genetics (heredity),
    •   Metabolic or neurological factors,
    •    Certain types of infections, and problems occurring at birth                  are possible causes of autism.
       Diagnosis: After symptoms are noticed, doctors apply some tests to       children. These tests can be;

    •   X-rays and blood tests -- to determine if there is a physical, genetic, or metabolic disorder causing the symptoms.
    •  If physical disorder is not found, child may be referred to a specialist in childhood development disorders like a pediatric neurologist
        Treatment:
    •  Does not grow out, persists into adulthood more than 90%of cases
    •  Controversial therapies
      •   Holding therapy
      •   Facilitated communication
      •   Colored lenses
      •   Dolphin-assisted therapy
    •   Intensive early behaviorally therapies (very powerful)
    •   Lovaas Technique (Behavior Modification)
      •   Lovaas and his colleagues (1987) developed an intensive early intervention program. It is a landmark study
      •   One-on-one behavioral treatment
      •   More than 40 hours per week for two years before they reach four
      •   Parent training, mainstreaming into a regular preschool environment
      •   Comparison with control group showed increase (20 IQ points)
    •   The teaching method used in Lovaas technique is Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
      •   A systematic approach for designing, conducting, and evaluating instruction based on principles modifies affects of environment on learning
      •   There are mistakes on the application of the technique
    •   Treatment environments:
      •   Classroom
        •   Functional curriculum (teaching behaviors that are frequently required in the natural environment)
      •   Parent training
      •   Residential environments
    ·         What teacher should do?

    •   Building rapport
     A lack of social understanding is part of the core deficit of the autism spectrum disorders, and children with autism don’t respond to you just because of your social role as a teacher. It is important to connect with your student as an individual, and build rapport so that praise and positive regard from you has value and is meaningful to them.

    •  Make school fun

    When you are dealing with a child who has a history of school refusal, it is a good idea to make the transition to school as positive an experience as possible. Ideally, at least for those first few days or weeks, being at school should be more enjoyable for the student than staying at home.

    • Deal with the behaviour first

    It is not only worthwhile but necessary to deal with your student’s behaviour problems before you expect her to be able to learn. There are many books out there on behaviour management strategies and positive behaviour support, and the approach you choose will depend on your student’s particular behaviour problems. 

    •   Explain the rules and provide perspective
    Don’t take for granted that your student will know or understand the rules, no matter how long he has been in the school system. The phrase “s/he should know better” is not helpful to anyone working with students on the autism spectrum, so try to move away from what you think your student “should” know by now.

    •   Breaks
    Ideally, we want to teach a student to ask for a break; however, you can build rapport and trust with a student by identifying his needs and allowing that opportunity for a break before challenging behaviors emerge. These breaks must not be confused with time-outs. Give your student regular breaks throughout the day even if he is calm or participating well—don’t wait until your students get agitated before offering a break. This will help to manage your student’s challenging behavior, and make the school day more manageable and enjoyable for him.

    •   Peer Buddy
     It teaches the peer patience and tolerance, and it gives the peer responsibility for some of the things that you would take care of otherwise, like making sure the student on the autism spectrum has the necessary materials at hand or is following along with the rest of the class in an activity.

    •   Visual Schedule
    All kids, especially autistic ones, need a visual schedule of their own. A picture schedule posted on his desk or a written schedule tucked in his pocket will go a long way to reducing your student’s anxiety and making the school experience more pleasant and manageable for him.

    •   A & B Days
    Suppose the gradual transition has been a success: you have been able to build rapport, your student associates being at school with having access to preferred activities, you have explained the rules and set up your classroom for success. The A schedule is closer to what the other students are doing, and includes new lessons and challenging activities like group work or cooperative learning tasks. The B schedule is less challenging and includes time to practice learned tasks, opportunities to work independently, and time to engage in preferred activities.  This will allow your student to stay in the rhythm of the classroom, but avoids making the school environment more stressful than she can manage.

    •   Take absenteeism seriously
     If you see issues with your student’s attendance record, take it seriously and work with your team to come up with a plan to address the problem. Your plan to keep your student in school will be individualized to your student’s particular needs, but quick action can make a huge difference when a student on the autism spectrum is beginning to slip through the cracks. (Keller, 2015)    

          
    REFERENCES

    Keller, L. C.-L. (2015, 5 6). Geneva Center for Autism. Retrieved 5 6, 2015, from Geneva Center for Autism web cite: http://www.autism.net/resources/staff-corner/1716-bringing-them-back.html
    http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/mental-health-autism?page=3
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism







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    5 Mayıs 2015 Salı

    LEARNING DISABILITIES

    ·        
    Mean of Learning Disabilities
    Learning Disabilities is a situation that results in failure to the related areas like reading writing or math. The federal definition of LD that is given by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is:
    The term “specific learning disability” means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or do mathematical calculations.
    DISORDERS INCLUDED-Such term includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
    DISORDERS NOT INCLUDED- Such term does not include a learning problem that is primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. (IDEA, 1997)

    ·         Types of Learning Disabilities:
    Learning disability (LD) is not a single type of a disability; it includes many areas are related to reading, writing, mathematics, language, fine motor skills, audition and vision that are called Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, Dysphasia/Aphasia, Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder), Auditory Processing Disorder and Visual Processing Disorder respectively. The most common type of LD is Dyslexia. These different types of LD can be observed as comorbidity that occur more than one condition in the same person. For example, one person has Dyscalculia, Dyslexia and ADHD.


    • Dyslexia is an inability to understand the relationship between words, letters and sounds or to comprehend the mean of words and paragraphs.
    • Dysgraphia occurs when a child has physical difficulties about forming or organizing words.
    • Dyscalculia is an inability to memorize and organize of mathematical contents.
    • Dysphasia/Aphasia is a disability to organize thoughts and to paraphrase a paragraph or speech.
    • Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder) is a situation when a child is unable to use fine motor skills like holding, cutting and gross motor skills like running.
    • Auditory Processing Disorder is an inability to recognize the main differences in sounds.
    • Visual Processing Disorder causes difficulties about the perception of visualization.

    (Kemp, Smith, & Segal, 2014)

    ·         Causes of Learning Disabilities
    Although researchers have some basic ideas about the causes of LD, there is not an exact cause of LD. However, the studies about the neurobiological factors indicate that learning disabilities are related to a neurological dysfunction in the left temporal brain of the person. There are some reasons, which can be categorized like genetic factors, medical factors and toxins, to have this neurological dysfunction. The some researchers suggest that LD has heredity based. Some medical factors like premature birth, pediatric AIDS can cause LD. Moreover, some toxins affect a fetus in the uterus and they can reason for the LD because of the malformations and defects.

    ·         Characteristics of Learning Disabilities
    Typical characteristics of students with LD are listed below. 

    Reading
    • Confusion of similar words, difficulty using phonics, problems reading multi-syllable words.
    • Slow reading rate and/or difficulty adjusting speed to the nature of the reading task.
    • Difficulty with comprehension and retention of material that is read, but not with material presented orally.
    Writing
    • Difficulty with sentence structure, poor grammar, omitted words.
    • Frequent spelling errors, inconsistent spelling, letter reversals.
    • Difficulty copying from board or overhead.
    • Poorly formed letters, difficulty with spacing, capitals, and punctuation.
    Oral Language
    • Difficulty memorizing basic facts.
    • Difficulty expressing ideas orally which the student seems to understand.
    • Problems describing events or stories in proper sequence.
    • Residual problems with grammar, difficulty with inflectional or derivational endings.
    Math
    • Difficulty memorizing basic facts.
    • Confusion or reversal of numbers, number sequence, or operational symbols.
    • Difficulty reading or comprehending word problems.
    • Problems with reasoning and abstract concepts.
    Study Skills
    • Poor organization and time management.
    • Difficulty following directions.
    • Poor organization of notes and other written materials.
    • Need more time to complete assignments.
    Social Skills
    • Difficulty "reading" facial expressions, body language.
    • Problems interpreting subtle messages such as sarcasm.
    • Confusion in spatial orientation, getting lost easily, difficulty following directions.
    • Disorientation in time, difficulty telling time.
    (http://www.pepperdine.edu/disabilityservices/students/ldcharacter.htm)

    ·         What should teachers do?

    Approach to the student:
    Ø The teacher should tell that this problem is not related to the intelligence, it is just different and requires more times.
    Ø Rules and expectations should be indicated transparently. The teacher should use positive statements when s/he tells the rules and expectations. Also s/he should remind them frequently.
    Ø When disabled student behave appropriately, the teacher should reward him/her.

    In order to prevent distraction:
    Ø The disabled student should sit closer to the teacher and the blackboard to prevent distraction.
    Ø The information on the blackboard should be divided into the sections, written with the colorful chalks, and underlined important parts.
    Ø The instructions should be understandable. The teacher should avoid giving a lot of instructions at one times, s/he should separate them into the pieces.
    Ø When disabled student becomes distracted, the teacher should communicate with her/him individually.
    Ø If the student is energetic, the teacher should give a chance to move around the classroom in order to discharge the student’s energy.

    Attendance to the lesson:
    Ø  The teacher should prepare the activities according to the development of the student from easy to hard, from picture to the writing.
    Ø  The teacher should provide opportunities to ask questions because some disabled students may be shy about asking questions.
    Ø  The teacher should introduce the lesson information about how the lesson will go, and end the lesson by repeating the information. Thus the students can have a chance to transfer information from short term memory to the long term memory.
    Ø  The teacher should separate the topic different categories in order to have disabled student’s attraction.
    Ø  The teacher should encourage the disabled student in specific areas that are not related to the student’s difficulty.
    Ø  The teacher should give a paper, which includes information at the lesson, to the student
    Ø  The teacher should form the lessons more attractive rather than boring.
    Ø  The teacher should control the disabled student’s works, homework, notes.

    Exams:
    Ø  The teacher should prepare the exams multiple choice or oral because many disabled students are more successful at these types of exams.
    Ø  The teacher should provide more time to the disabled student.
    Ø  The teacher should highlight important instructions at the exam paper in order to have disabled student’s attraction.

    REFERENCES
    http://www.pepperdine.edu/disabilityservices/students/ldcharacter.htm. (tarih yok). http://www.pepperdine.edu/: http://www.pepperdine.edu/disabilityservices/students/ldcharacter.htm IDEA. (1997). Amendments of 1997 (Cilt 602).
    Kemp, G., Smith, M., & Segal, J. (2014, December). http://www.helpguide.org/articles/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders.htm. December 22, 2014 tarihinde http://www.helpguide.org: http://www.helpguide.org/articles/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders.htm 


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